TNF and myocardial ischemia: In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that the immune response triggered by a myocardial injury, myocardial ischemia, and other factors can produce a variety of cytokines (15), and most of them, especially the inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 are involved in the occurrence and development of VR (13, 16).