After adjustment for additional covariates in model 3 (for age, New York Classification of Cardiac Function (NYHA) III/IV, primary prevention, ischaemic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVEDD), β-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), a loop diuretic, aldosterone antagonist, and dilated cardiomyopathy) and all covariates in Table 1 in model 4, the results underwent negligible changes. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is atrial fibrillation.