NFKB1 and Arthritis: Consistent with these pre-clinical findings, in clinical trials assessing curcumin effects on diseases, such as arthritis, where NF-κB activation is known to contribute to pathology, inhibitory effects of curcumin on NF-κB activation and NF-κB downstream pathways have also been reported, with these biomarkers lending credence and mechanistic support to beneficial clinical outcomes (17, 30–33).