VEGFA and neoplasm: Beyond the direct actions of VEGF on the sprouting endothelium, VEGF can also serve to promote an angiogenic and immunosuppressive microenvironment through the inhibition of dendritic cell maturation and the promotion of tumor associated macrophage (TAM) recruitment and polarization in the presence of Th2 cytokines like IL-4 and IL-10 (31–33).