GDF2 and neoplasm: Emerging avenues for modulating tumor vascularization will also be discussed, including approaches targeting bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9) signaling, Sonic Hedgehog Pathway (Shh) inhibitors, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) pathway inactivation and Chemokine Ligand 18 (CCL18) inhibition.