Furthermore, expansion of Lin−CD34+CD38+CD123+CD45RA− CMP is observed in LR-MDS, whereas HR-MDS is associated with expansion of both Lin−CD34+CD38−CD90+ long-term HSC(LT-HSC) (41, 44, 45) and Lin−CD34+CD38+CD123+CD45RA+ GMP(similar to findings from murine AML models in which GMP contain an LSC) (46, 47). The gene discussed is CD38; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.