Notably, these frequently mutated genes in our cohort were significantly associated with functional categories involved negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic (H3F3A and DNMT3A), and virus infections such as cytomegalovirus, EBV, HIV, and papillomavirus infections (e.g., GNAS, GNAQ, HLA-A, and HLA-B). Here, GNAS is linked to viral infectious disease.