Consistent with these findings, our current results showed significantly increased IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α in 6-OHDA-induced cells, and the NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins in MPTP-induced mice and 6-OHDA-induced cells were also significantly increased, strongly indicating that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in the PD in vivo and vitro models. Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.