PTGS2 and neoplasm: TAMs play an important role in promoting tumor angiogenesis and express a variety of growth factors (such as VEGF, PDGF and bFGF), membrane binding molecules and soluble proteases (including MMPs and cathepsin), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and CXC-chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) to promote sustained cell activation and proliferation, promoting ECM remodeling and recruitment and activation of angiogenic cells (55–57).