As several studies have shown the importance of CD137+ TILs and IFN-γ-producing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells for effective antitumor immunity (69, 70), the VNS-mediated stimulation of these CTLs could, next to the Treg decrease, also be responsible in part for the modest reduction in tumor burden upon VNS monotherapy. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.