TNF and bacterial infectious disease with sepsis: Additionally, C. difficile damaged intestinal integrity as demonstrated by the increased serum FITC-dextran levels (Figure 1E), causing gut leakage-induced bacteremia (Figure 1F) that enhanced the production of systemic inflammatory cytokines (serum IL-1β, TNF-α, KC, and MIP-2 levels as markers) (Figures 1G–J).