PPARA and heart failure: Moreover, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, the predominate mechanism to produce energy in the healthy adult human heart, declined in heart failure, whereas downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) may be an important event leading to impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in this disease (Goikoetxea et al., 2006; Brown et al., 2017).