TNF and pemphigus foliaceus: A previous network pharmacological analysis had predicted the mechanism underlying the protective effects of QM against PF: VEGF, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP9, and TGF-β1 are potential targets, and the activation of VEGF, Toll-like receptor 4, MAPK, and TGF-β1 signaling pathways may protect patients against PF (Jin et al., 2021).