TRPV1 and epilepsy: Reports showed that TRPV1 channel activation enhanced glutamate release and glutaminergic signaling (Gerdeman and Lovinger, 2001; Shoudai et al., 2010; Fawley et al., 2014), decreased GABA release (Gonzalez-Aparicio and Moratalla, 2014; von Ruden et al., 2015), and induced Ca2+ accumulation (Naziroglu et al., 2014), which were confirmed to be responsible for synaptic efficacy and epilepsy.