CXCR4 and breast cancer: At doses without significant cytotoxicity, ginsenoside Rg3 treatment resulted in weaker CXCR4 staining in MDA-MB-231 cells, reduced the number of cells migrating during CXCL12-induced chemotaxis, and significantly reduced the number of CD44 high/CD24 low in MDA-MB-231 cells with therapeutic potential for targeting breast cancer stem cells, possibly through classical mitochondria-dependent caspase activation to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells (Chen et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2013; Oh et al., 2019).