TNF and cancer: A previous study using in situ hybridization assay firstly verified the existence of TNFα in melanoma cells in the tumor microenvironment,334 and the expression status of TNFα is related to driver mutation of the oncogene.335 In contrast to the fact that high-dose exogenous TNFα can induce apoptosis of melanoma which has been employed in various clinical trials and cancer therapy,336,337 TNFα derived from tumor cell or tumor microenvironment exerted a prominent regulatory role in tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and immune escape.