MYC and neoplasm: Melanoma stimulated with recombinant TNFα displays downregulation of oncogenic factor c-myc, which thereby delays cell proliferation, indicating that TNFα antagonizes the outgrowth of tumor.338 However, tumor cells-secreted TNFα promotes downstream activation of RIPK1-NF-κB cascade in an autocrine manner to enable tumor cell survival, which is based on the observation that the deficiency of TNFαR1 or neutralizing TNFα in culture supernatant abrogates the activation of NF-κB signaling and restrains the proliferation of melanoma cell,339 highlighting TNFα as an oncogenic inflammatory factor.