MAVS and hepatocellular carcinoma: IL-17A was reported to promote hepatoma stem cells self-renewal and immune escape partly through upregulation of PD-L1.427 Th17-produced IL-17A is induced by IL-1b and IL-23, which is enhanced by lactate.428 Lactate was reported to bind the complex of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I/mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (RIG-I/MAVS) transmembrane (TM) domain and inhibit MAVS aggregation, thus suppressing glycolysis-mediated RLR signaling and type I IFN pathway.429