TSHR and thyroid gland carcinoma: MAPK signal pathways, PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, TSHR/cAMP signaling pathways, Wnt/β-cateninb signaling pathways, and AMPK signaling pathways are involved in epigenetic changes in thyroid cancer with BRAF gene mutations, activating or inhibiting these pathways affecting the development of thyroid cancer (Fig. 4).