ACE and renal cell carcinoma: Instead, use of β-blockers associated with increased risk of RCC death (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.14), whereas CCBs and ACE-inhibitors were associated with decreased risk (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.72–0.83; HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.95, respectively).