Single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) of human PDA tumours adjusted for tumour purity (Fig. 6e and Supplementary Fig. 7g), confirmed differential signalling pathway engagement where OSMRlhigh tumours display increased KRAS pathway activity, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling. Here, STAT3 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.