Kinases and pathways with known function in PDA development, such as MEK-MAPK, JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT signalling, were more engaged in tumour cells treated with 3 W conditioned medium compared to 2 W, including the phosphorylation of the activation sites of MAPK1 [Y185], MAPK3 [Y205] and STAT3 [Y705] as well as AKT substrate phosphorylation, such as GSK-3β [S9] and EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1) [S64] (Fig. 6b and Supplementary Fig. 7b). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and Patent ductus arteriosus.