Single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) of human PDA tumours adjusted for tumour purity (Fig. 6e and Supplementary Fig. 7g), confirmed differential signalling pathway engagement where OSMRlhigh tumours display increased KRAS pathway activity, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling. Here, IL6 is linked to neoplasm.