When directly comparing HPV+ and HPV– cancer cells, oxidative phosphorylation, TNFα signaling, as well as pathways for early and late estrogen response were significantly enriched in HPV+ tumors (−log(10)p-value 11.3, 7.2, 7,2 and 6.0, respectively)24, while EMT, IFNγ and IFNα responses were significantly enriched in HPV– cancers (−log(10)p-value 32.5, 23.7 and 18.3, respectively)10. Here, IFNG is linked to cancer.