TNF and age-related macular degeneration: AXT as a small molecule can be used to treat eye diseases,especially AMD, which must target the posterior part and cross thebarriers.220 Besides, AXT could be a potentialagent to reduce the ocular inflammation mediators in mice throughthe mRNA exprssion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and HMGB1 as wellas the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and HMGB1 (Figure 12).221