In addition, the expressed OPN significantly moderately to strongly correlated with HbA1c, FINS (mUI/mL), and HOMA-IR and cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, and serum CRP levels, respectively, in patients with poorly controlled T2D compared to moderately controlled T2D patients (Table 3). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.