SPP1 and glomerulosclerosis: Higher serum levels of OPN are significantly correlated with diabetic complications such as severe diabetic albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis various models of diabetic nephropathy [13, 25–27], whereas OPN was identified as a mediator involved in most chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [25, 28] and subsequently demonstrated to play an important role in the diabetic-related consequences such as cardiovascular diseases [25, 29].