TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The major findings were as follow: Firstly, serum CYR61 level was elevated and pulmonary CYR61 expression was upregulated in COPD patients; Secondly, an increased CYR61 was associated with decreased lung function indexes in COPD patients; Thirdly, an increased CYR61 is associated with an elevation of serum MCP-1, TNF-α and activation of pulmonary inflammatory signaling in COPD patients.