TNF and COVID-19: Significantly higher concentration of TNF-α (p = 0.001), IL-1β (p = 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.001), IL-12 (p = 0.001), IL-23 (p = 0.043), and IL-33 (p = 0.001) have been found in the sera of COVID-19 patients with severe disease (Figure 1).