Under OS, which is induced by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α or by metabolic disorders such as diabetes-induced high glucose conditions, upregulation of HO-1 is required for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and protecting osteoblasts from apoptosis (Chae et al., 2006; Takanche et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2021). Here, HMOX1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.