The level of CD8+ T cells in the tumor parenchyma is a crucial factor in immunotherapy efficacy; TGF-β signaling in the TME has been implicated in the suppression of T-cell infiltration into tumors to compromise the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibody (Ganesh and Massagué, 2018). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.