TGF-β is one of the most critical regulators of the TME; it is secreted by not only tumor cells but also multiple types of stromal cells including CAFs, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), blood endothelial cells, MSC, lymphatic epithelial cells, and pericytes (Turley et al., 2015; Ganesh and Massagué, 2018). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.