TGFB1 and neoplasm: In the past few decades, the dual role of TGF-β in tumorigenesis and tumor-suppression have been extensively studied (Roberts and Wakefield, 2003; Levy and Hill, 2006; Massagué, 2008) and a growing body of literature elucidated that TGF-β/SMAD pathway was activated in multi-therapy resistance.