Generally, although TGF-β inhibitors in combination with other anti-cancer treatments have yielded encouraging results in pre-clinical studies, thorough characterization of the mode of action and response to these inhibitors, as well as a better understanding of the pleitropic nature of TGF-β signaling are important to optimize the survival benefits from using TGF-β inhibitors and to facilitate the bench-to-bedside transition for anti-TGF-β therapy (Ciardiello et al., 2020). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.