TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: Another example of miRNA-mediated regulation of TGF-β signaling came from cigarette smoke condensate treated lung cancer cell lines, where miR-216b overexpression increased resistance to platinum-based therapy by downregulating SMAD3 to further restrain TGF-β-induced tumor suppression, as well as by overexpressing Bcl-2 to escape from apoptosis (Vu et al., 2020).