EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Approximately 30% of NSCLC patients with EGFR-mutations have no response to TKIs; such primary resistance can be attributed to mutations in the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) gene and the resulting activation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway-mediated mesenchymal-epithelial transition (EMT) (Zhong et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019b).