XDH and malaria: XO also contributes to inflammation in malaria, since XO-derived extracellular ROS, in combination with lysates of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs), activate monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro, leading to the production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and chemokines IL-8, CCL5, and CCL2 (Ty et al., 2019).