The role of TNF in the pathogenesis of IBD has been reviewed previously in detail.8,34,35 In brief, both soluble and membrane-bound TNF, along with other proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-18, are produced by a variety of stromal and immune cells within the inflamed mucosa. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.