TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Despite the clear benefits of TNF inhibitors, a subset of patients with IBD experience primary non-response to therapy or secondary loss of response.29 Optimizing the use of TNF inhibitors through earlier intervention, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) or switching anti-TNF agents may improve outcomes.30,31 Furthermore, use of evolving predictive biomarkers may enable earlier identification of patients who would potentially benefit from an alternative treatment strategy.32