PKM and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Studies have confirmed the role of the miR-124-3p/PTBP1 axis in PAH ECs and PAFs (Caruso et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2014; Zhang H et al., 2017). Downregulating miR-124-3p activates PTBP1 expression, which promotes aerobic glycolysis by increasing the PKM2/PKM1 ratio, subsequently inducing PAH EC and PAF proliferation (Anastasiou et al., 2012).