TNF and brain infarction: It was also found that ST significantly suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β expression in brain tissue and ET-1 levels in serum, reduced the number of NF-κB/p65-positive cells, and decreased the number of activated microglia/macrophages and astrocytes while reversing their morphological change 24 h after cerebral ischemia in rats (Zhou et al., 2021), and also significantly reduced hemispheric edema rates, neurological function scores and brain infarct volume ratios after cerebral ischemia in rats.