It was also found that ST significantly suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β expression in brain tissue and ET-1 levels in serum, reduced the number of NF-κB/p65-positive cells, and decreased the number of activated microglia/macrophages and astrocytes while reversing their morphological change 24 h after cerebral ischemia in rats (Zhou et al., 2021), and also significantly reduced hemispheric edema rates, neurological function scores and brain infarct volume ratios after cerebral ischemia in rats. Here, EDN1 is linked to brain ischemia.