ACE and heart failure: As recommended by the international HF guidelines (Ponikowski et al., 2016; Heart Failure Group of Chinses Society of Cardiology of Chinses Medical Association et al., 2018; McDonald et al., 2021), CTHF included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), β-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, diuretics, vasodilators, cardiotonic drugs, antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulant drugs, and so on.