Similar to AM-3 cells, AM-1 cells also did not impact most osteogenesis genes but mostly downregulated ECM and bone development genes such as ALPL and COL2A1, as well as differentiation genes such as GDF10. However, no significant difference was found between the control group and AM-1 tumour mass + 3D bone group (Supplementary Fig. 5). The gene discussed is COL2A1; the disease is neoplasm.