PIK3CD and lung cancer: Studies have shown that the activation of the Akt signaling pathway caused by the deletion of PI3KCA mutations is strongly related to the upregulation of PD-L1 expression in the prostate gland.145 In mouse lung cancer models and human lung cancer cell lines, the Akt signaling pathway regulates the expression of PD-L1 at the protein translation level.146 In conclusion, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is obviously related to immune resistance, which provides a basis for combined therapeutic strategies including immune checkpoint inhibitors and PI3K pathway inhibitors in the future.