All eight microbes associated with a diabetes diagnosis were also significantly associated with insulin and hypoglycemic drugs (OTUs representing Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, two Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus torques, and Phascolarctobacterium), although the medication variable showed stronger statistical significance and identified additional microbial associations (Fig. 4B). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.