The prevalence of diabetes, and its antecedent insulin-resistant phenotype, continues to rise in children and adolescents, with an annual percentage change of 1.9% per year for type 1 diabetes (T1D), and 4.8% per year for type 2 diabetes (T2D) from 2002 to 2015; this rise is even more pronounced among racial and ethnic minorities [1, 2] and, for T2D, parallels the increase in the prevalence of obesity. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.