CD4 and hyper-IgE syndrome: Clinically, compromised function of CD4 T cells was found to predispose to disseminated talaromycosis, such as HIV-positive patients with severe T cell lymphopenia (CD4+ T cell count < 100/μl blood) (1, 6), and HIV-negative patients with autoantibodies against IFN-γ, CD40 ligand deficiency, and autosomal dominant (AD) hyper-IgE syndrome that primarily involve the defect in Th1 or/and Th17 immune responses (6, 7, 46).