TNF and sexually transmitted disease: Many studies show that there are peripheral inflammation and abnormal peripheral immune function in VD, which include increased pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), decreased T cells, the imbalance between the Th17 and Treg, and so on (Dadsetan et al., 2016; Balzano et al., 2019).