Although the intensified TB case finding undertaken during this study suggests that the prevalence of undiagnosed TB was low in our material, several other infections that are common in PWH in sub-Saharan Africa, such as hepatitis B (32), hepatitis C (33, 34), malaria (35) and cryptosporidiosis (36) can also upregulate IP-10 expression. Here, CXCL10 is linked to hepatitis C virus infection.