TNF and infection: As the first line cell types in the initial stages of infection, inflammatory monocytes, especially Ly6C+ monocytes are considered to be necessary to govern the control of chronic infection with T. gondii in mice [5], through the inductive production of proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, inducible NO synthase, TNF, and reactive oxygen intermediate.