Moreover, the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as Il1β, Il1α, Tnf and Ccl12, decreased in the 3D-exo-treated group compared with 2D-exo-treated group, indicating that the 3D-exos exerted enhanced anti-inflammatory efficacy in the periodontitis model (Fig. 3a). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and periodontitis.