TNF and infection: We found that many cytokines messenger RNAs (mRNAs), including Il1b, Il5, Il6, Il10, Il12a/Il12p70, Ifng, Ccl4, Ccl5, Tnfa, Gcsf, Cxcl1, Il1a, and Il3, were significantly induced upon B.1.351 infection in the lungs of hACE2 transgenic, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice (Fig. 4a–c and Supplementary Table 1).