TK1 and lung cancer: For example, high expression levels of rate–limiting enzymes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), deoxythymidylate kinase, 5ʹ-nucleotidase, cytosolic II (NT5C2), NT5C3, ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1 (RRM1), RRM2, thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), TK2, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), thymidylate synthetase, uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2), UCKL1 in pyrimidine metabolism are described in liver cancer and lung cancer patients and related to poor clinical prognosis [11, 13].