During invasion and metastasis, Rab31-triggered downregulation of TGF-ß may be lost, since, e.g., elevated levels of TGF-β—leading to an EMT-like phenotype of the cancer cells—have been found at invasive fronts in human breast cancer tissues (reviewed in Morrison et al. 2013). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is breast carcinoma.