To complement our findings, future work should evaluate the impact of Rab31 overexpression in tumor cells on TGFβ1-related signaling pathways, including both SMAD-dependent and non-canonical signaling cascades e.g., Erk, JNK/p38 MAPK, small GTPase and PI3K/Akt. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.