Markers of such phenotypic switch of the astrocytes have been found in postmortem tissues from patients of various neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and AD, suggesting that the deleterious effects of TNFα mediated by the astrocytes could be common determinants of neurodegenerative processes (Liddelow et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and multiple sclerosis.