Furthermore, water imbalance regulated by AQP2-AVPR2 has been associated with a variety of pathophysiological states, most of which are associated with altered urinary concentrating ability, such as renal ischemia/reperfusion injury [36], cisplatin-induced nephropathy [37], gentamicin-induced nephropathy [38], urinary tract obstruction [39], nephrotic syndrome [40], chronic heart failure [41], and renal disease [42]. Here, AVPR2 is linked to urinary tract obstruction.