S. amnii significantly induced cytokines: IL-1α (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.0001), and TNFα (p < 0.0001) and chemokines: IL-8 (p < 0.01) and MIP-3α (p < 0.0001), whereas the polymicrobial infection induced IL-1α (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-8 (p < 0.001), MCP-1 (p < 0.01), and MIP-3α (p < 0.05) as well as IL-1β (p < 0.05) (the latter cytokine was not observed following infection with single species) when compared to controls. Here, IL1A is linked to infection.