AVP and Polyuria: SCI-induced polyuria has been established as a major systemic issue that arises in both human and pre-clinical animal SCI models.6,11,35 Previous data from our lab have shown that several key hormones and receptors, including AVP, ANP, V2R, and NPRA, are associated with mechanisms underlying SCI-induced polyuria.9,10 The current data reveal the timing of these biomarker changes within the kidney itself with some additional contributions by AVP-positive neurons in the hypothalamus.