Although a few studies failed to find a beneficial association with these foods, compelling mechanistic evidence has been recently provided by a nested-case control study that demonstrated an inverse relation between RF- (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10–0.79) and ACPA-positivity (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.20–0.89) in SE-positive individuals at risk for RA (251, 277). This evidence concerns the gene PRTN3 and rheumatoid arthritis.