Most recently, a population-based study confirmed the protective nature of alcohol in both ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative RA and reported an additive interaction with HLA-SE and smoking for development of the former (OR 25.3, 95% CI 17.7–36.2 for never-drinkers, ever smokers, HLA-SE-positive patients) (268). Here, PRTN3 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.