ACTA1 and cholangiocarcinoma: Similarly, though it is encouraging to see that there are approaches that alleviate the severity of desmoplasia by targeting CAFs such as in cholangiocarcinoma (Nicolásnicolás-Boluda et al., 2020), it seems that PDAC is a case where ablating α-SMA expressing-CAFs results in worse outcomes (Rhim et al., 2014) (Özdemir et al., 2014) despite a corresponding reduction in fibrosis and associated desmoplasia.