While type two cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, are not responsible for initiating inflammation in response to either Hp or AIG, studies have found them to be critical for promoting severe metaplastic and even dysplastic lesions as disease progresses beyond gastritis (Marotti et al., 2008; Gabitass et al., 2011; Miska et al., 2018; Petersen et al., 2018; De Salvo et al., 2021; Noto et al., 2021). The gene discussed is HP; the disease is gastritis.